Tuberculosis facts

• Tuberculosis (TB) is an infection, primarily in the lungs (a pneumonia), caused by bacteria called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is spread usually from person to person by breathing infected air during close contact.
• TB can remain in an inactive (dormant) state for years without causing symptoms or spreading to other people.
• When the immune system of a patient with dormant TB is weakened, the TB can become active (reactivate) and cause infection in the lungs or other parts of the body.
• The risk factors for acquiring TB include close-contact situations, alcohol and IV drug abuse, and certain diseases (for example, diabetes, cancer, and HIV) and occupations (for example, health-care workers).
• The most common symptoms and signs of TB are fatigue, fever, weight loss, coughing, and night sweats.
• The diagnosis of TB involves skin tests, chest X-rays, sputum analysis (smear and culture), and PCR tests to detect the genetic material of the causative bacteria.
• Inactive tuberculosis may be treated with an antibiotic, isoniazid (INH), to prevent the TB infection from becoming active.
• Active TB is treated, usually successfully, with INH in combination with one or more of several drugs, including rifampin (Rifadin), ethambutol (Myambutol), pyrazinamide, and streptomycin.
• Drug-resistant TB is a serious, as yet unsolved, public-health problem, especially in Southeast Asia, the countries of the former Soviet Union, Africa, and in prison populations. Poor patient compliance, lack of detection of resistant strains, and unavailable therapy are key reasons for the development of drug-resistant TB.
• The occurrence of HIV has been responsible for an increased frequency of tuberculosis. Control of HIV in the future, however, should substantially decrease the frequency of TB.

CDC Issues Isolation Order for Man with TB

Medical Author: Melissa Conrad Stöppler, MD
Medical Editor: William C. Shiel Jr., MD, FACP, FACR

In May 2007, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC) issued an order to quarantine a man who flew on two transatlantic flights with a rare, dangerous form of tuberculosis and potentially exposed passengers and crew to the infection.
The Atlanta man was believed to be infected with the form of the tuberculosis bacteria known as "extensively drug-resistant" TB, abbreviated XDR TB. Tuberculosis is a bacterial infection that primarily affects the lungs, and the infection is spread via air droplets released during coughing, spitting, sneezing, or talking. XDR TB causes the same symptoms that a person would develop with TB. If TB disease is present, cough and feverwould be the predominant symptoms. XDR TB is a rare form of the disease that is resistant to the drugs routinely used to treat tuberculosis infections and is extremely difficult to treat. The few treatment options available for XDR TB are less effective and associated with worse outcomes than traditional antibiotic therapies for TB. In 2006, there were two documented cases of XDR TB in the U.S.
Health authorities were aware of the man's condition and had warned the man against traveling, but he stated that compelling personal reasons led him to fly from Atlanta to Paris on May 13. On May 24, he returned to North America on a flight from Prague to Montreal and entered the U.S. by car. While it is not certain that passengers and crew on board the flights were infected, the CDC recommended that passengers and crew on those flights be tested for TB infection. Particularly those seated within two rows of the infected man are at greatest risk for infection.
After his return to the U.S., the man cooperated with authorities and voluntarily entered a hospital in Atlanta and was placed in respiratory isolation to prevent spread of the infection. This event marked the first time since 1963, when a patient with smallpox was quarantined, that the CDC issued this type of isolation order.

http://www.onhealth.com/tuberculosis/article.htm